{"id":6172,"date":"2017-03-09T17:49:10","date_gmt":"2017-03-09T15:49:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/phoneenglish.es\/blog\/?p=6172"},"modified":"2021-10-11T09:28:04","modified_gmt":"2021-10-11T07:28:04","slug":"modals-of-deduction-and-speculation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/phoneenglish.es\/blog\/2017\/03\/modals-of-deduction-and-speculation\/","title":{"rendered":"Modals of  Deduction  and  Speculation"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure><iframe src=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/presentation\/d\/e\/2PACX-1vSgFl6tXMKBcVGcpUnPm8KOKQEiD_mGvinrUahuSLRN2Lk8jOp1fqNyzNR2He80HaUpCiSAEgUic9tJ\/embed?start=true&amp;loop=true&amp;delayms=15000\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"580\" height=\"355\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" mozallowfullscreen=\"true\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"true\"><\/iframe><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Use modals of deduction and speculation when we want to make a guess<strong> <\/strong>about something. We choose the verb depending on how sure we are.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Deducing and speculating about the present<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Combine modals of deduction and speculation <strong>must, might, could, may<\/strong> and then an <a href=\"https:\/\/phoneenglish.es\/blog\/2017\/04\/gerunds-and-infinitives\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>infinitive<\/strong> <strong>verb<\/strong><\/a> to deduce and speculate about an action that happens in the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/phoneenglish.es\/blog\/2017\/08\/present-simple\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">present<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-background has-text-align-center has-primary-color has-accent-background-color\"><strong>modal (present) + infinitive<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Below is a sample scenario using modals of deduction and speculation in present. Know the proper modal to use depending on how true you think that an action occurs. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>You are waiting for Amanda with another friend, &nbsp;Danny.<br>You ask Danny this question: Where is Amanda?<br>Danny speculates:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>She&nbsp;<strong>must<\/strong>&nbsp;be on her way here. <em>(fairly sure this is a good guess)<\/em><\/p><p>She&nbsp;<strong>might<\/strong>&nbsp;arrive soon. <em>(maybe)<\/em><\/p><p>She&nbsp;<strong>could<\/strong>&nbsp;be lost. <em>(maybe)<\/em><\/p><p>She&nbsp;<strong>may<\/strong>&nbsp;be in the wrong place. <em>(maybe)<\/em><\/p><p>She&nbsp;<strong>can&#8217;t<\/strong>&nbsp;be at home. <em>(fairly sure this isn&#8217;t true)<\/em><\/p><cite><em>Note that in this case, the opposite of&nbsp;&#8216;must&#8217; is &#8216;<strong>can&#8217;t&#8217;<\/strong>.<\/em><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Will \/ won&#8217;t<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>We use&nbsp;<strong>will<\/strong>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<strong>won&#8217;t<\/strong>&nbsp;when we are very <strong>sure<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>He <strong>will be<\/strong> at school now.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Should \/ shouldn&#8217;t<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>We use<strong> should<\/strong>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<strong>shouldn&#8217;t<\/strong>&nbsp;to make an assumption about what is probably true, if everything is as we expect.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>They <strong>should get<\/strong> there by now.<\/p><p>It <strong>shouldn&#8217;t take<\/strong> long to drive here.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>This use of&nbsp;<strong>should<\/strong>&nbsp;isn&#8217;t usually used for negative events. Instead, it&#8217;s a better idea to use&nbsp;<strong>will<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>Correct: The temperature <strong>will be<\/strong> too high today.<\/p><p>Incorrect: The temperature <strong>should be<\/strong> too high today. <\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Can<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>We use<strong> can<\/strong> for something that is generally possible, something we know sometimes happens.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>The cost of living <strong>can be <\/strong>very high in big cities.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>We do not use <strong>can<\/strong> to talk about specific possibilities.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>Correct: Mom <strong>could be<\/strong> at the supermarket.<em> <\/em><\/p><p>Incorrect: Mom <strong>can be<\/strong> at the supermarket.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Deducing and speculating about the past<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Put together modals of deduction and speculation <strong>must, might, could, may, can&#8217;t<\/strong> and <strong>have<\/strong> and then a <strong>past participle<\/strong> <strong>verb<\/strong> to deduce and speculate about an action that occurred in the <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/phoneenglish.es\/blog\/2017\/04\/simple-past\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">past<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background has-text-align-center has-accent-background-color\"><strong>modal (past) + have + past participle<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>It <strong>must have<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>rained<\/strong> last night.<\/p><p>She <strong>might<\/strong>&nbsp;\/&nbsp;<strong>might not have<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>registered <\/strong>for the seminar.<\/p><p>They <strong>could have<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>finished<\/strong> the training if not for the technical issues.<\/p><p>You <strong>may<\/strong>&nbsp;\/&nbsp;<strong>may not have<\/strong> <strong>done<\/strong> the dishes this morning.<\/p><p>I <strong>can&#8217;t have<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>wished<\/strong> ill of another person.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Below is a sample scenario using modals of deduction and speculation in the past. Know the proper modal to use.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Roy asked: Where was Sandra last night?<br>Maria speculated:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>Sandra&nbsp;<strong>must have forgotten<\/strong>&nbsp;about our appointment.<\/p><p>She&nbsp;<strong>might have worked<\/strong>&nbsp;late.<\/p><p>Sandra&nbsp;<strong>could have lost<\/strong>&nbsp;track of time.<\/p><p>She&nbsp;<strong>may have gotten<\/strong>&nbsp;sick.<\/p><p>She&nbsp;<strong>can&#8217;t have stayed<\/strong>&nbsp;at home.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Will <\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>We use <strong>will<\/strong>&nbsp;for something in the past that we are very certain happened.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>The parcel <strong>will have arrived<\/strong> before now.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Should \/ Shouldn&#8217;t<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>We use<strong> should <\/strong>and<strong> shouldn&#8217;t have<\/strong>&nbsp;to make an assumption about something that has probably happened, if everything is as we expect.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>The plane <strong>should have left<\/strong> by now.<\/p><p>We <strong>shouldn&#8217;t have gone<\/strong> in that direction.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Could<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>We can use&nbsp;<strong>could + infinitive<\/strong>&nbsp;to talk about a general possibility in the past.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>Labor <strong>could be<\/strong> low in the sixteenth century.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>This is not used to talk about specific possibilities in the past. Instead, we use&nbsp;<strong>could + have + past participle<\/strong>.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>He <strong>could have been working<\/strong> late. <\/p><cite><em>(not: &#8216;could be&#8217;. As this is a specific possibility, &#8216;could be&#8217; is present tense)<\/em><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Modals of Deduction and Speculation Exercise<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Answer this exercise on modals of deduction and speculation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1. Their shop is easy to locate. It&#8217;s right around the corner.&nbsp; She _____ miss it!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a. might<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b. can&#8217;t&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>c. must<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2.&nbsp;Chris&#8217;s things are still here so he _____ gone home.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a. shouldn&#8217;t have<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b. might have<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>c. can&#8217;t have<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3.&nbsp;What a great show! They _____ go on a world tour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a. can&#8217;t&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b. might<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>c. must<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. She&nbsp;can&#8217;t remember the&nbsp;suspect&#8217;s face. But she _____ seen&nbsp;a distinguishing&nbsp;feature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a. couldn&#8217;t have<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b. must have<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>c. may have<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5.&nbsp;It _____ be sugar-free. It has ice cream in it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a. can&#8217;t<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b. may not<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>c. must<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>6.&nbsp;Clara and Laura weren&#8217;t replying to my chat messages. Maybe they went to the movies or they _____ gone to a spa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a. might have<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b. couldn&#8217;t have<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>c. must have<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>7. Anthony is very stressed out lately. I am not sure but he _____ gone on vacation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a. can&#8217;t have<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b. might have<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>c. must&nbsp;have<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>8.&nbsp;Your sisters tell different versions of what happened. One of them _____ be lying.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a. must<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b. may<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>c. could<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>9.&nbsp;I _____ known about this&nbsp;faulty&nbsp;wiring. I would have noticed it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a. couldn&#8217;t have<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b. must have<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>c. might have<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>10. Look at this piece of art. Maybe it&#8217;s Monet or it _____ be Van Gogh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a. would<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b. could<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>c. couldn&#8217;t<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background has-text-align-center has-subtle-background-background-color\">Find the answers to this exercise <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/phoneenglish.es\/blog\/2017\/03\/modals-of-deduction-and-speculation\/2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>See also: <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/phoneenglish.es\/blog\/2018\/02\/modal-continuous-modal-ing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Modals Continuous<\/a><\/strong> and <a href=\"https:\/\/phoneenglish.es\/blog\/2017\/09\/modals-might-may-will-probably\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>Modals: Might, May, Will, Probably<\/strong>.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For additional information on this topic, check out this&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/learnenglish.britishcouncil.org\/grammar\/intermediate-to-upper-intermediate\/modals-deductions-about-the-present\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>British Council lesson<\/strong>.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background has-text-align-center has-subtle-background-background-color\">For other English grammar lessons, go to this <strong><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/phoneenglish.es\/blog\/grammar-index\/\" target=\"_blank\">page<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Modals of Deduction and Speculation Exercise Answers<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Here are the answers to the modals of deduction and speculation exercise on this <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/phoneenglish.es\/blog\/2017\/03\/modals-of-deduction-and-speculation\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">page<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1. <strong>B <\/strong>Their shop is easy to locate. It&#8217;s right around the corner.&nbsp; She <strong>can&#8217;t<\/strong> miss it!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2.&nbsp;<strong>C<\/strong> Chris&#8217;s things are still here so he <strong>can&#8217;t have<\/strong> gone home.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3.&nbsp;<strong>C<\/strong> What a great show! They <strong>must<\/strong> go on a world tour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. <strong>C<\/strong> She&nbsp;can&#8217;t remember the&nbsp;suspect&#8217;s face. But she <strong>may have<\/strong> seen&nbsp;a distinguishing&nbsp;feature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5.&nbsp;<strong>A<\/strong> It <strong>can&#8217;t<\/strong> be sugar-free. It has ice cream in it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>6.&nbsp;<strong>A<\/strong> Clara and Laura weren&#8217;t replying to my chat messages. Maybe they went to the movies or they <strong>might have<\/strong> gone to a spa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>7. <strong>B<\/strong> Anthony is very stressed out lately. I am not sure but he <strong>might<\/strong> <strong>have<\/strong> gone on vacation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>8.&nbsp;<strong>A<\/strong> Your sisters tell different versions of what happened. One of them <strong>must<\/strong> be lying.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>9.&nbsp;<strong>A<\/strong> I <strong>couldn&#8217;t have<\/strong> known about this&nbsp;faulty&nbsp;wiring. I would have noticed it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>10. <strong>B<\/strong> Look at this piece of art. Maybe it&#8217;s Monet or it <strong>could<\/strong> be Van Gogh.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Use modals of deduction and speculation when we want to make a guess about something. We choose the verb depending on how sure we are. Deducing and speculating about the present Combine modals of deduction and speculation must, might, could, may and then an infinitive verb to deduce and speculate about an action that happens [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":38,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[309],"tags":[5565],"class_list":["post-6172","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-grammar","tag-modals"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v16.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Modals of Deduction and Speculation | phone english blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Know more about modals of deduction and speculation in this English grammar lesson. 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