{"id":6361,"date":"2017-04-06T17:20:53","date_gmt":"2017-04-06T15:20:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/phoneenglish.es\/blog\/?p=6361"},"modified":"2021-10-11T09:27:21","modified_gmt":"2021-10-11T07:27:21","slug":"gerunds-and-infinitives","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/phoneenglish.es\/blog\/2017\/04\/gerunds-and-infinitives\/","title":{"rendered":"Gerunds and Infinitives: The Complete Guide"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure><iframe src=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/presentation\/d\/e\/2PACX-1vSDdfgIKq2cZfEDbiFNu7vSlxdDONueUVHvpITvN-zv3CO9MOCXOjVpYnqzZsEYv7o7IrNaRKmC39vT\/embed?start=true&amp;loop=true&amp;delayms=15000\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"580\" height=\"355\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" mozallowfullscreen=\"true\" webkitallowfullscreen=\"true\"><\/iframe><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background has-background-background-color\">Undoubtedly, the proper use of gerunds and infinitives is a common conundrum among English learners. In this lesson, learn when to use gerunds and infinitives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How to Form a Gerund<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background has-background-background-color\">A gerund is a noun made from a verb added with &#8220;-ing.&#8221; On the other hand, a negative gerund is formed by adding &#8220;not.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background has-text-align-center has-accent-background-color\"><strong>main verb + -ing<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>She enjoys <strong>working<\/strong>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background has-text-align-center has-accent-background-color\"><strong>not + main verb + -ing<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><span style=\"color: inherit; font-size: inherit;\">The best thing for your health is&nbsp;<\/span><strong style=\"color: inherit; font-size: inherit;\">not drinking<\/strong><span style=\"color: inherit; font-size: inherit;\">.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Uses of a Gerund<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background has-background-background-color\">You can use a gerund as the subject, the direct object, the subject complement, the object complement, the object of a preposition, and object of a possessive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Gerund as subject<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><strong>Reading<\/strong>&nbsp;increases your knowledge.&nbsp;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Gerund as direct object<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>I enjoy&nbsp;<strong>reading<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Gerund as subject complement<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>My favorite hobby is&nbsp;<strong>reading<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Gerund as object complement<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>I heard my mother <strong>crying<\/strong> in her room.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Gerund as object of a preposition<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><span style=\"color: inherit; font-size: inherit;\">She is focused on <\/span><strong style=\"color: inherit; font-size: inherit;\">improving<\/strong><span style=\"color: inherit; font-size: inherit;\"> her English skills.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Gerund as object of a possessive<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><span style=\"color: inherit; font-size: inherit;\">Stop with your <strong>whining<\/strong> already!<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How to Form an Infinitive<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background has-background-background-color\">Infinitives are the &#8220;to&#8221; form of the verb. Moreover, to form the negative infinitive, add &#8220;not&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background has-text-align-center has-accent-background-color\"><strong>to + main verb<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>She appears <strong>to have<\/strong> an allergy to shellfish.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background has-text-align-center has-accent-background-color\"><strong>not<\/strong> + <strong>to + main verb<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>She decided&nbsp;<strong>not to tell<\/strong> the team about the issue.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Uses of an Infinitive<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>You can also use an infinitive as the subject, the direct object, subject complement, an adjective, or an adverb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Infinitive as subject<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><strong>To learn<\/strong>&nbsp;is important.&nbsp;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Infinitive as direct object<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>He wants&nbsp;<strong>to learn<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Infinitive as subject complement<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>The most important thing is&nbsp;<strong>to learn<\/strong>.&nbsp;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Infinitive as an adjective<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>They didn\u2019t make the decision <strong>to go<\/strong>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Infinitive as an adverb<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>She took the yoga class to try <strong>to relieve<\/strong> herself from stress.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Gerunds and Infinitives<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background has-background-background-color\">Both gerunds and infinitives can be used as the subject or the complement of a sentence. However, as subjects or complements, gerunds usually sound more like normal, spoken English, whereas infinitives sound more abstract.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background has-background-background-color\">On the other hand, infinitives emphasize the possibility or potential for something and sound more philosophical. Moreover, if this sounds confusing, just remember that 90% of the time, you will use a gerund as the subject or complement of a sentence. Hence, in the following sentences, gerunds sound more natural and would be more common in everyday English. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">As Subject or Complement<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><strong>Learning<\/strong>&nbsp;is important.&nbsp;<em>normal subject<\/em><\/p><p><strong>To learn<\/strong>&nbsp;is important.&nbsp;<em>abstract subject &#8211; less common<\/em><\/p><p>The most important thing is&nbsp;<strong>learning<\/strong>.&nbsp;<em>normal complement<\/em><\/p><p>The most important thing is&nbsp;<strong>to learn<\/strong>.&nbsp;<em>abstract complement &#8211; less common<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">As the object <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background has-background-background-color\">It is more difficult to choose between a gerund or an infinitive. In such situations, both are not normally interchangeable. Usually, the <a aria-label=\"undefined (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/phoneenglish.es\/blog\/2018\/02\/transitive-intransitive-verbs\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>main verb<\/strong><\/a> in the sentence determines whether you use a gerund or an infinitive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>He&nbsp;<strong>enjoys<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>dancing<\/strong>.&nbsp;<em>&#8220;Enjoy&#8221; requires a gerund.<\/em><\/p><p>He&nbsp;<strong>wants<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>to dance<\/strong>.&nbsp;<em>&#8220;Want&#8221; requires an infinitive.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background has-text-align-left has-background-background-color\">Some verbs are followed by gerunds as objects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>She&nbsp;<strong>suggested<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>going<\/strong>&nbsp;to a museum.<\/p><p>Ellen&nbsp;<strong>imagines&nbsp;swimming<\/strong> in the pool.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Verbs followed by gerunds: &nbsp;avoid, consider, recommend, postpone, etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Note that some verbs are followed by infinitives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>She&nbsp;<strong>wants<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>to travel<\/strong>&nbsp;abroad.<\/p><p>Ben&nbsp;<strong>needs<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>to talk<\/strong>&nbsp;about his problems.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>After the verbs <strong>agree, ask, decide, intend, fail<\/strong>, etc., an infinitive follows.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Additionally, some verbs are usually followed by a gerund. However, they can also be followed by a noun + infinitive. In this case, using a <a aria-label=\"undefined (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/phoneenglish.es\/blog\/2019\/07\/nouns-with-to-infinitives\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>noun<\/strong><\/a> + infinitive will usually change who is performing the action.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>I&nbsp;<strong>advised<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>taking<\/strong>&nbsp;the train.&nbsp;<em>in general<\/em><\/p><p>I&nbsp;<strong>advised<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>him<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>to take<\/strong>&nbsp;the train.&nbsp;<em>He will take the train.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">After a preposition<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Gerunds are used after prepositions. Most commonly, these are &#8220;verb + preposition&#8221; combinations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>They admitted&nbsp;<strong>to<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>committing<\/strong>&nbsp;the crime.<\/p><p>My husband made up&nbsp;<strong>for<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>forgetting<\/strong>&nbsp;our anniversary.<\/p><p>He is thinking&nbsp;<strong>about<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>studying<\/strong>&nbsp;abroad.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Remember that there are many &#8220;<a aria-label=\"undefined (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/phoneenglish.es\/blog\/2019\/02\/adjectives-prepositions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>adjective + preposition<\/strong><\/a>&#8221; combinations and &#8220;noun + preposition&#8221; combinations in English as well. These are also followed by gerunds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>Simon is&nbsp;<strong>scared of<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>flying<\/strong>.&nbsp;<em>adjective + preposition<\/em><\/p><p>Nelly is&nbsp;<strong>anxious about<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>taking<\/strong>&nbsp;the examination.&nbsp;<em>adjective + preposition<\/em><\/p><p>Her <strong>interest in<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>becoming<\/strong>&nbsp;a professional figure skater was well known.&nbsp;<em>noun + preposition<\/em><\/p><p>Mark\u2019s&nbsp;<strong>story about<\/strong>&nbsp;<strong>going<\/strong>&nbsp;inside a cave was really exciting.&nbsp;<em>noun + preposition<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Gerunds and Infinitives Exercise<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Answer this exercise on gerunds and infinitives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>1. I don&#8217;t want _____ out tonight.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a. to eat<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b. eating<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>c. eat<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>2. They avoided&nbsp;_____  him know about the surprise party.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a.  to let<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b. letting<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>c. let<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>3. She would like&nbsp;______ on a vacation with him.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a. to go<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b. going<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>c. go<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. The children enjoy&nbsp;_____ in the pool in summer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a. to swim<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b. swimming<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>c. swim<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5. He kept&nbsp;______ the boss questions during the meeting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a. to ask<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b. asking<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>c. ask<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>6. I considered&nbsp;______ in Spain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a. to live<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b. living<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>c. live<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>7. Unfortunately, our family can&#8217;t afford&nbsp;_____ a house this year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a. to buy<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b. buying<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>c. buy<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>8. They risked&nbsp;_____ caught.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a. to be<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b. being<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>c. be<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>9. They seem _____ laughing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a. to be<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b. being<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>c. be<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>10. She&#8217;d hate&nbsp;_____ too early.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>a. to arrive<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>b. arriving<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>c. arrive<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-background has-text-align-center has-primary-color has-subtle-background-background-color\">Find the answers to this exercise <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/phoneenglish.es\/blog\/2017\/04\/gerunds-and-infinitives\/2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>See also: <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/phoneenglish.es\/blog\/2018\/01\/verb-ing-infinitive-like\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Verb + -ing\/infinitive: Like<\/a><\/strong> and <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/phoneenglish.es\/blog\/2020\/01\/gerunds-after-prepositions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Gerunds after Prepositions<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For additional information on this topic, check out this <a aria-label=\"undefined (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/learnenglish.britishcouncil.org\/category\/grammar\/infinitive-or-ing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><strong>British Council lesson<\/strong><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-background has-text-align-center has-subtle-background-background-color\">For other English grammar lessons, go to this <strong><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/phoneenglish.es\/blog\/grammar-index\/\" target=\"_blank\">page<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<!--nextpage-->\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Gerunds and Infinitives Exercise Answers<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Here are the answers to the exercise on this <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/phoneenglish.es\/blog\/2017\/04\/gerunds-and-infinitives\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">page<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1. <strong>A<\/strong> I don&#8217;t want <strong>to eat<\/strong> out tonight.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2. <strong>B<\/strong> They avoided\u00a0<strong>letting<\/strong> him know about the surprise party.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>3. <strong>A<\/strong> She would like\u00a0<strong>to go<\/strong> on a vacation with him.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>4. <strong>B<\/strong> The children enjoy\u00a0<strong>swimming<\/strong> in the pool in summer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>5. <strong>B<\/strong> He kept\u00a0<strong>asking<\/strong> the boss questions during the meeting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>6. <strong>B<\/strong> I considered\u00a0<strong>living<\/strong> in Spain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>7. <strong>A<\/strong> Unfortunately, our family can&#8217;t afford\u00a0<strong>to buy<\/strong> a house this year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>8. <strong>B<\/strong> They risked\u00a0<strong>being<\/strong> caught.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>9. <strong>A<\/strong> They seem <strong>to be<\/strong> laughing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>10. <strong>A<\/strong> She&#8217;d hate\u00a0<strong>to arrive<\/strong> too early.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Undoubtedly, the proper use of gerunds and infinitives is a common conundrum among English learners. In this lesson, learn when to use gerunds and infinitives. How to Form a Gerund A gerund is a noun made from a verb added with &#8220;-ing.&#8221; On the other hand, a negative gerund is formed by adding &#8220;not.&#8221; main [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":38,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[309],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6361","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-grammar"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v16.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Gerunds and Infinitives: The Complete Guide | phone english blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"This English grammar lesson is your gerunds and infinitives ultimate guide. 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