An introductory clause is a dependent clause that provides context for the independent clause. Introductory clauses start with adverbs such as after, although, as, because, before, if, since, though, until, when, etc. Then, a comma is used to separate the introductory clause from the main clause.
Sentence Structure
Introductory clause > comma (,) > main clause.
Examples:
If you want to close the deal, you must be patient with these clients.
Because our dog kept getting sick, we brought her to the veterinarian.
Introductory Phrases
An introductory phrase is not a complete clause but it sets the scene, time, or condition for the main action of the sentence. The different introductory phrases are prepositional, appositive, participial, infinitive, and absolute phrases.
Examples:
1. introductory prepositional phrases
Under the starry sky, they promised eternal love for each other.
2. introductory appositive phrase
A kind and obedient daughter, Elizabeth is the apple of the eye of her parents.
3. introductory participial phrase
Walking regularly, my grandparents stay healthy even in their advanced age.
4. introductory infinitive phrase
To be able to go home early, you must be very efficient in doing all your tasks.
5. introductory absolute phrase
The snow falling heavily, the children went back inside their house.
Introductory Words
Words such as however, still, furthermore, and meanwhile are some common introductory words. These words connect one sentence to the next.
Examples:
The teacher graded the students’ exams. Meanwhile, the students read quietly.
All of the dishes looked appetizing. Still, the skills of chef was put to test.
No Comma Required
Some introductory elements do not need a comma. At times, the subject of a sentence looks like an introductory element when it is actually not.
Here are cases where a comma is not required:
- After a prepositional phrase with less than five words
- After a restrictive appositive phrase
- When separating the subject and the predicate
All of the sentences below seem like they need a comma after the opening segment, (marked with an x), but the first part of the sentence is actually the subject and not an introductory clause.
Gerund and infinitive phrases that function as subjects are easily confused with nonessential introductory phrases.
Examples:
Enduring intensive training for and winning the ice skating competition [x] is one of the biggest accomplishments in Alexandra’s life.
To plan a trip without doing research and planning ahead of time [x] is not advisable.
Losing as much weight and sticking to her healthy habits [x] are some of her New Year’s resolutions.