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Participle clauses can have the same meaning as if-conditionals, so or therefore, because or since, or when, while or as soon as.
CONDITION (same meaning as if-conditional)
Raised accordingly, children will grow up well-rounded. (=If you raise them accordingly, children will grow up well-rounded.)
RESULT (same meaning as so or therefore)
They broke up, breaking her heart to pieces. (=They broke up so her heart was broken to pieces.)
REASON (same meaning as because or since):
She had no time to finish her homework, having spent so much time watching TV. (=She had no time to finish her homework because she had spent so much time watching TV.)
TIME (same meaning as when, while or as soon as):
Waiting at the bus stop, he suddenly remembered that he had forgotten his laptop in the office. (=While waiting at the bus stop, he suddenly remembered that he had forgotten his laptop in the office.)
Level: Intermediate-Advanced
Intensifiers are used to make adjectives stronger. Some examples are very, really, extremely, amazingly, exceptionally, incredibly, particularly, remarkably, and unusually.
very She was studying very hard but still failed the exam.
really That was a really delicious meal.
extremely She is extremely smart.
amazingly They are amazingly creative.
exceptionally Her children are exceptionally talented.
incredibly It was incredibly rude of him to say that.
particularly I am not particularly fond of romance films.
remarkably She lives in a remarkably crowded city.
unusually You are unusually quiet this morning.
When using enough as an intensifier, it is placed after the adjective. It is used to talk more about the adjective.
If you are eighteen, you are old enough to vote.
He was not allowed to ride the rollercoaster. He is not tall enough.
Very is not used with strong adjectives such as:
very small tiny
very big huge, enormous
very clever brilliant
very bad awful, dreadful, disgusting, terrible
very good excellent, ideal, perfect, splendid, wonderful
very tasty delicious
very sure certain
Instead, intensifiers such as absolutely, completely, exceptionally, particularly, really, quite, totally,and utterly are used.
Their proposal was absolutely terrible.
Anne is an exceptionally brilliant employee.
After her cosmetic surgery went wrong, she looked really dreadful.
past wish: wish + past perfect
I wish I had bought him a present for his birthday. (because I didn’t buy him a present for his birthday)
present wish: wish + past simple
I wish I were wealthier. (because I am not wealthy)
I wish I knew how to explain this to you. (because I don’t know how to explain this to you)
wish + would + bare infinitive
I wish you would listen to me more.
They wish she would be more careful with her words.
Compare:
present wish:
I wish you would listen to me more.
(I think you can, but you don’t, so please do.)
past wish:
I wish you listened to me more.
(You don’t and I don’t think you ever will.)
Note: A first-person ‘I’ isn’t normally used in this form of wish because we can control our actions, so saying “I wish I would stop procrastinating.” means I want to stop procrastinating, and I think I can, so why don’t I?’
In contrast, when it comes to an illness or addiction, saying “I wish I would stop binge-watching series.” means ‘I don’t want to watch anymore, but I can’t stop because I’m hooked.’
wish + object 1 (pronoun) + object 2 (noun)
We wish you safe travels.
I wish you all the best.
I wish you luck with your married life.
I hope you will talk to your mother about this.
She hopes to be married before she turns 40.
I was hoping to get him something for his birthday and would have done so, if I hadn’t gotten sick last weekend.
Note: Normally, hope isn’t followed with ‘that’ unless there is another subject.
Her parents hoped (that) Haley would learn how to play the cello, but she had always wanted to play the violin.
I hope (that) you won’t find this offensive, but this soup is a little bland.
They were running late for their flight and hoped (that) traffic would not be that bad on their way to the airport.
Level: Beginner-Intermediate
1. Adjectives before nouns
When adjectives come in a noun phrase they are normally immediately before the noun.
Example:
She has a beautiful bag.
I have a funny friend.
2. Adjectives used only in front of nouns
Some adjectives are only used in front of nouns (southern, northern, western, eastern; indoor, outdoor; digital).
Example:
I live in northern Spain.
She doesn’t have a digital camera.
I need to put an outdoor light near the porch.
3. After something, everything, etc.
Example:
I saw something interesting this morning.
Let’s go somewhere quiet.
4. Adjectives after condition verbs ‘be‘
Adjectives are used to describe the condition of things and people, etc.
Example:
I am asleep.
She is very tall.
He is handsome.
5. Subject + Verb + Object + Adjective
Example:
He makes me happy.
The movie made me laugh.
Level: Intermediate-Advanced
The to-infinitives are typically used after some adjectives:
able She will be able to cope with her current situation at home.
unable She was unable to make it on time for her flight.
anxious Alex is anxious to open his presents.
due The wedding is due to be held next spring.
eager Everyone on the team seemed very eager to meet their new coach.
keen Mary was very keen to start working on the new project as soon as possible.
likely I’m likely to forget to take my medicine so please do remind me.
unlikely It’s unlikely to rain today. It is very sunny.
ready She is ready to deliver her speech in the assembly tomorrow.
prepared Are we prepared to suffer the consequences of global warming?
willing If you’re willing to travel a lot for work, then the job is yours.
unwilling Her friends are unwilling to lend her some cash.
The to-infinitives are likewise used when telling a reason for the adjective:
amazed We are often amazed to see that these creatures really do exist.
delighted I’m delighted to do this favor for you.
disappointed She was quite disappointed to find out she didn’t get her dream role.
glad The students are glad to have finished the semester.
happy They are happy to come to an agreement.
pleased Ella’s grandparents are delighted to know that she’s staying with them.
proud His therapist is proud to say that he helped him a lot with his rehabilitation.
relieved The whole family is relieved to know he is out of danger after his brain surgery.
sad They were all sad to hear he had left his job.
sorry Her son was so sorry to disappoint her.
surprised My mother was surprised to see me cleaning my room.
unhappy She seemed unhappy to be leaving her current post as their team leader.
It + be followed by an adjective is used when expressing opinions:
clever They thought it was clever to park by the side of the road, but it wasn’t.
difficult It happened so fast that it was impossible to see her attacker.
easy It’s easy to use this program, but it’s very difficult to learn at first.
foolish Luke thinks it’s foolish to save money for the future.
hard With this much information, it is hard to finish the data entry quickly.
kind It’s kind to lend your ear to someone who is going through a tough time.
nice It would be nice to go back to my hometown this weekend.
possible It’s possible to ask your boss for a pay raise.
impossible It’s quite impossible to hear what she’s saying with all this noise.
right It is only right to stand up against bullies.
wrong It is wrong to say mean things to your friends.
silly His wife thinks it is silly not to accept this job offer.
The to-infinitives are also used with the following adjectives when expressing opinions about people:
clever It was clever of them to come up with this concept.
foolish It was foolish of her to refuse such an offer.
kind It is kind of her to volunteer at their local retirement home.
nice It’s nice of them to help out.
right It would be right of him to go on this trip.
wrong It was wrong of them to take the bribe.
silly It was silly of the dog to eat the chocolates on the countertop.
The preposition for is used when demonstrating who is being referred to by these adjectives:
difficult It was difficult for them to hear about their mother’s illness.
easy It is easy for her boss to manage the team.
hard It was hard for him to admit his mistakes.
possible It is possible for us to fail on this mission again.
Impossible It was impossible for him to pay his debts.
The preposition of is used for other adjectives:
It’s sweet of you to remember my birthday.
It would be irresponsible of him to drink and drive.
B2 – Upper Intermediate
When we think of communication, we think of talking. That’s where we’re wrong. Listening is also a crucial skill that is necessary for effective communication.
Active listening involves full concentration, understanding, responding and looping back.
Watch the video and learn tips and expressions you can use when the need for active or reflective listening arise.
Read the article here as well: https://spunout.ie/health/article/listening-is-helping
Discussion Questions:
1. Discuss the 6 tips from the video. Which expression/s or tip/s did you find most useful/interesting? Why?
2. Talk about a situation when you lend someone your ear.
3. Do you agree that listening is helping?
4. How important is talking and listening during difficult times for you?
5. What are other ways to show someone your support during tough times?