Test 230

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Zero and Type 1 Conditional

                                  Usage                           If clause                         Main clause

ZERO                      General Truths                   Simple Present                        Simple present

Type 1     Possible Condition; Probable Result  Simple Present                   Simple Future

ZERO CONDITIONAL

We use the zero conditional when talking about a real and possible situation that is now or always. It is also often used to talk about general truths. Simple present tense is used in both the if and and main clause. In a zero conditional sentence, “if” and “when” can be used interchangeably without changing the meaning of the sentence.

Examples:

If clause                                                            Main Clause

If you sneeze                                                  you blink your eyes.

If it snows                                                        it gets really cold.

If it’s sunny                                                      she doesn’t like going out.

TYPE 1 CONDITIONAL

We use type 1 conditional to talk about a real situation in the present or future. It is used talk about a possible condition and its probable result. In a Type 1 conditional sentence, simple present is used in the if clause, and simple future in the main clause.

Examples:

If clause                                                            Main Clause

If you don’t study,                                           you will fail the exam.

If you don’t bring your umbrella,                 you won’t have something to use later.

If the sun shines,                                             she will leave her clothes outside to dry.

Test 226

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Reflexive Pronouns

Singular
myself – yourself – himself – herself – itself

Plural
ourselves – yourselves – themselves

USE

* when the subject and object are the same

She hurt herself.
The team call themselves “Wild Cats”.
He burned himself.

* as the object of a preposition, when the subject and the object are the same

She bought a present for herself.
They did it by themselves.
The dog is biting itself.

* to emphasize the subject

She‘ll do it herself.
He did all the work himself.

Demonstrative Adjectives

Use

This:                    to talk about one thing which is near
                                                This fruit is an apple.

These:                 to talk about two or more things which are near
                                                These are the books I borrowed.

That:                    to talk about one thing which is far
                                                Is that your house on corner of the street?

Those:                  to talk about two or more things which are far
                                               What are those birds over there?

Use This, That, These and Those:

  • Before a be-verb.

                This is my mother. / Those are my friends.

  • Before a noun:

That painting looks beautiful! / These cupcakes are delicious!

Interrogative

                Is this / that his teacher?               
                Are these / those their notebooks?

Contraction

IS can be contracted after that.
That is my car.            =>           That’s my car.
But not after this.
This’s my car.              =>           This is my car.
ARE after These / Those can’t be contracted.

Common Mistakes

A verb must always be used in sentences with this, that, these and those.
This amazing show.           =>           This is an amazing show. / This show is amazing.

 

Test 222

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Button Batteries Kill

B2 – Upper Intermediate

Medical cases involving button batteries have been reported since the 1970s. Who would have thought that these tiny things in your remote control or car keys could be so dangerous?

Read the article to find out more.

https://theconversation.com/button-batteries-kill-heres-how-we-can-prevent-needless-child-deaths-from-battery-ingestion-101187

Discussion Questions:

  1. According to the article, how do button batteries cause damage?
  2. What can parents do to prevent incidents with batteries from happening? How should parents child-proof their homes?
  3. How prevalent are button battery injuries among kids in your country? Why do you think that is?
  4. What other health-related issues are very common among children in your country these days?
  5. Have you or anyone you know had a medical emergency as a kid or involving a child? Please share.

When You Drink Coke Instead of Water

B2 – Upper Intermediate

In a small town in Mexico, water is not so readily available. Its residents therefore, have resorted to drinking the much more plentiful Coca Cola instead.

Check out the article to find out more about the dire consequences this situation has brought about.

http://www.thetimesinplainenglish.com/when-you-drink-coke-instead-of-water/

Discussion Questions:

1. What does the article say about this Mexican town?

2. Who do you think is to blame in these circumstances, and why?

3. Do you like soft drinks or soda? Talk about the effects of drinking too much of these.

Compound Nouns and Adjectives

Compound Nouns

Compound nouns are words that consist of two or more words. Every part of them is part of the meaning of the nouns.

Separated Compound Nouns

  • Compound nouns are more commonly written with two separate words.

real estate – He works in real estate.                   

post office – Did you go to the post office?                  

light year – A light year is a way to measure distance.

water tank – How many water tanks are there?            

full moon  – Look out your window to see the full moon tonight.                

swimming pool – We have a swimming pool in our country house.

Hyphenated Compound Nouns

  • Some compound nouns are hyphenated.

mother-in-law – Do you get on with your mother-in-law?     

master-at-arms  – Who is the master-at-arms of this ship?         

commander-in-chief – He is the commander-in-chief.               

single-mindedness – I can’t stand his single-mindedness.

  • Hyphenated compound nouns typically function as adjectives.

six-pack – Buy a six-pack beer.

free-for-all – They want free-for-all income for the poor.

Separated or Hyphenated?

  • Without a doubt, the easiest way to determine whether you need separated or hyphenated compound nouns is that we use separated compound nouns as nouns while hyphenated compound nouns usually function as adjective in sentences.

Open air vs open-air

We enjoy hanging out in the open air in summer.

The afternoon was so hot my friends and I decided to go to an open-air bar.

Air traffic vs air-traffic

Air traffic was so heavy last night.

The air-traffic control had a hard time managing the situation.

Compound Adjectives

  • Compound adjectives are normally structured in three different ways. Many compound adjectives are hyphenated.

noun + adjective | noun + participle | adjective + participle

Noun + Adjective  

  • These compound adjectives are a combination of a noun and and an adjective.                                 

camera-shy – I am camera-shy.                                         

accident-prone – Be careful. This is an accident-prone area.                    

sugar-free – I prefer sugar-free coffee.                                                    

Noun + Participle   

  • These compound adjectives are a combination of a noun and and a participle.

computer-assisted – They are using computer-assisted instruction.

user-generated – These are user-generated contents.

custom-built – It is a custom-built car.

Adjective + Participle

  • These compound adjectives are a combination of an adjective and and a participle.

brown-haired – My girlfriend is the brown-haired woman.

ill-tempered – Andy is a little ill-tempered.

fair-skinned – Ana is a fair-skinned girl.

  • Compound adjectives formed by combining well + participle or a phrase should be hyphenated when the compound is before the noun.

He created some well-known artworks.

He just checked his up-to-date account.

  • However, do not hyphenate when the compound is after the noun.

His artworks are also well known around the world.

His account is up to date.

  • Compound adjectives that describe ages and lengths of time are also hyphenated.

I have a five-year old daughter.

They found some two-centuries old relics.

The Worst Things about Working at Google

C1 – Advanced

I bet a lot of, if not all, people perceive working at Google as THE dream job. On the contrary, according to some people who have worked in this tech giant, sometimes, it’s not all “rainbows and ponies”.

Click on the link to read more on Googlers’ least favorite things about being employed at Google.

https://www.businessinsider.com/google-employees-worst-things-about-working-at-google-2016-12#its-hard-to-be-honest-with-your-colleagues-2

Discussion Questions:

1. Talk about some complaints Googlers have about working at Google.
2. What are your thoughts on these confessions?
3. What’s the best and worst thing about working in your company?
4. What comes to your mind when you hear “Google”?
5. What are important things you look for in a company you will work for?