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“Have to” is used in expressing that something is required by rules, duty, or situation. It functions as a verb that is conjugated as “I have to”, “he has to”, “we had to”, “they will have to” in different tenses.
Put “do” or “does” before “have to” to form a question and the negative. For example, “Do you have to go?” “She doesn’t have to talk.”
“Have to” works in present, past, and future.
Present:
She has to eat.
It has to play.
They have to travel.
Past:
He had to send the email.
We had to sing.
Future:
I will have to see.
We will have to try.
“Have to” often signifies external rules or requirements.
“Must”, on the other hand, is more an internal obligation, and is more versatile for past and future uses.
“Have to” (or “have got to”) is used for general duties, rules, and necessities.
The negative form “don’t have to” means “not necessary,” and “mustn’t” means “prohibited”.
A noun is a word that is used to identify any of a class of people, places, or things, etc. It can either be countable or uncountable.
A countable noun is something that can be counted individually.
An uncountable noun is a substance, an abstract idea, or a thing that is treated as a whole and cannot be counted.
There are nouns that can be countable and uncountable at the same time. Usually, they each mean differently.
Here are just a few examples of nouns that can be both countable and uncountable:
| hair | Uncountable | strands growing on a person’s head | She has blonde hair. |
| Countable | single strand of hair | There is a strand of hair in my soup. | |
| chicken | Uncountable | food | I love chicken. |
| Countable | animal | They have more than 50 chickens. | |
| room | Uncountable | space | I know you are full, but make room dessert. |
| Countable | a part of a house or building | There are three big meeting rooms in our office. | |
| memory | Uncountable | the brain’s ability to encode, store, and retrieve information | Does your grandmother still have a good memory? |
| Countable | something remembered from the past | It is a memory that she has of her childhood. | |
| time | Uncountable | concept of duration as measured by clocks | Time is gold. |
| Countable | number of instances | The debt collector called us three times. | |
| fire | Uncountable | combustion or burning | Firefighters extinguish fires. |
| Countable | an incident of destructive burning | There had been three fires in this neighborhood this week! | |
| experience | Uncountable | skill or knowledge | He doesn’t have a lot of experience in programming. |
| Countable | event | Visiting Paris was an unforgettable experience for our family. |
Remember:
Usage is determined by context. As a general rule, if “a/an” or a number is before it, it can be considered as a countable noun. On the other hand, if it is a substance or concept, then it is an uncountable noun.
B2 – Upper Intermediate
Perhaps, three or four years ago, we were so engrossed in social media platforms. But as generative AI rises, many users feel that their feeds no longer contain contents that they can relate with or reflect their preferences or interests.
Listen to this audio and read the transcript about the way we use social media has changed over time.
https://www.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish/english/features/6-minute-english_2026/ep-260108
Vocabulary Questions:
Discussion Questions:
B2 – Upper Intermediate
Some people find themselves rambling when they need to make a speech. Do you ever wonder how those people who have excellent communication skills do it?
There are tricks that you can pull up your sleeves to make you sound like a CEO.
Watch the video on some mindset shifts that can help change the way you speak.
Vocabulary Questions:
Discussion Questions:
B2 – Upper Intermediate
They say that starting your children off right could lead to generational wealth. Many parents save and invest so their kids can do better than them. They believe that saving up for their children could set them up for a better, brighter future.
Watch the video about some parents talking about saving millions for their children.
Vocabulary Questions:
Discussion Questions:
A cleft sentence is used to connect something that is already understood to a new information. A cleft sentence is a single message that is divided (cleft) into two clauses, allowing for the focus to be on the new information.
The it-clauses is the most common type of cleft clause. The detail that follows it is the information that the listener should focus on. The clause after the it-clause is linked by that. It also has information that is already understood. In informal situations when it is the object of the verb, that is omitted.
Examples:
A: The Joneses’ house was burglarized two nights ago, did it?
B: No. It was the Sandlers’ house that was burglarized!
Old information: a house was burglarized
New information: it was the Joneses’ house
A: They’ve visited Paris, haven’t they?
B: No, it was Madrid (that) they visited!
Old information: they visited a place
New information: it was Madrid
Is it Taylor Swift’s concert that you are attending this weekend?
Old information: you are attending a concert
New information: Taylor Swift’s concert?
Who is used and not that if the focus is the personal subject. In informal situations when it is the object of the verb, who is omitted.
It was my sister who (or that) they gave the present to.
Also: It was my sister they gave the present to.
A plural verb is used when a plural subject is the focus. It + be stays singular.
It’s the priests who were officiating their wedding.
In the it-clause, negative structures are used.
It wasn’t the American singer who won the award.
For a Wh-cleft sentence, it is introduced by what. Why, where, how, etc. can also be used sometimes. The old information can be found in the wh-clause. The new information, on the other hand, can be found in the next clause.
A: I don’t know what to tell them. I don’t know what they want to talk about.
B: What they want to talk about is sports.
Old information: talking about what they want to speak about
New information: they want to talk about sports
A: The dishes in this restaurant aren’t very delicious.
B: What you need to do is order their specialty.
Old information: there is something wrong with the dishes in the restaurant
New information: you need to order their specialty